| Drive not detected in BIOS | Blown PMIC or dead voltage regulator on M.2 PCB | FLIR thermal imaging to locate shorted component; multimeter on voltage rails | Board repair: $600–$900 |
| Shows 0GB capacity or RAW file system | FTL mapping table corruption (usually after power loss) | Controller responds to NVMe identify but returns zero LBA count; vendor-specific diagnostic commands if controller is electrically functional | Firmware: $900–$1,200 |
| P41 write speeds dropped to 1-2 GB/s | SLC cache folding firmware bug (documented by SK Hynix) | Check firmware version via SK Hynix Drive Manager; if pre-51061A20, firmware update resolves the issue | User fix (no lab work needed if drive is detected) |
| Not seen during Windows install | Missing Intel RST / VMD drivers, or BIOS set to RAID mode instead of AHCI | Check BIOS storage mode setting; load NVMe driver during Windows setup | Configuration fix (not a hardware failure) |
| Drive enters read-only mode | NAND cell degradation past LDPC ECC correction threshold; spare block pool exhausted | SMART attribute analysis (if controller responds); read retry pattern evaluation | Depends on controller state: firmware ($900–$1,200) if accessible, board repair ($600–$900) if not |
| Detected briefly at POST, then disappears | Controller boots but FTL integrity check fails; controller shuts down to protect NAND | Rapid NVMe identify capture during the brief detection window; electrical profiling of voltage rails | Board repair or firmware: $600–$900 to $900–$1,200 |